Types Of Diabetes And Medication
QUESTION
1 page explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat each type of diabetes including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.
Types Of Diabetes And Medication
ANSWER
Diabetes Types
Diabetes is classified into three types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Here are the distinctions between them, as well as a more detailed look at the distinction between Type 1 and Type 2.
Diabetes Type 1
Diabetes affects only about 5% to 10% of the population. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body attacks and destroys pancreatic insulin-producing cells. It must be managed with a combination of daily insulin and a carefully devised eating plan.
Diabetes Type 2
Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for approximately 90% of cases, is characterized by a lack of insulin as well as insulin resistance. The first step in managing Type 2 diabetes, which is most common in overweight people, is to change your lifestyle by exercising, eating healthy, and losing weight if necessary. Oral tablets and insulin injections may be required as the condition worsens.
Diabetes During Pregnancy (GDM)
GDM is a type of diabetes that is discovered during pregnancy. GDM usually goes away after pregnancy, but women with GDM and their children are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Describe one type of diabetes treatment medication.
Type 1 diabetes medications
Insulin
Insulin is the most commonly used type of medication in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Your body cannot produce insulin if you have type 1 diabetes. The treatment’s goal is to replace the insulin that your body is unable to produce.
Insulin is also used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is administered via injection and comes in a variety of forms. The type of insulin you require is determined by the severity of your insulin deficiency.
Among the options are:
Insulin that acts quickly
regular insulin administration (Humulin and Novolin)
Insulins that work quickly
Aspartame insulin (NovoLog, FlexPen, Fiasp)
glulisine insulin (Apidra)
lispro insulin (Humalog)
Insulin with intermediate action
Isophane insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Insulins with long half-lives
Degludec insulin (Tresiba)
Detemir insulin (Levemir)
glargine insulin (Lantus)
glargine insulin (Toujeo)
Insulin combinations
70/30 NovoLog Mix (insulin aspart protamine-insulin aspart)
75/25 Humalog Mix (insulin lispro protamine-insulin lispro)
50/50 Humalog Mix (insulin lispro protamine-insulin lispro)
70/30 humulin (human insulin NPH-human insulin regular)
70/30 Novolin (human insulin NPH-human insulin regular)
Ryzodeg (insulin degludec-insulin aspart)
Amylinomimetic medication
Pramlintide (SymlinPen 120/60) is an amylinomimetic medication. It is an injectable medication that is administered prior to meals.
It works by delaying the time it takes your stomach to empty itself. It lowers glucagon secretion following meals. This reduces blood sugar levels.
It also suppresses appetite via a central mechanism.
Type 2 diabetes medications
When you have type 2 diabetes, your body produces insulin but no longer uses it effectively.
Your body cannot produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. The goal of treatment for you is to improve your body’s use of insulin or to eliminate excess sugar in your blood.
The majority of type 2 diabetes medications are taken orally. However, a few are available as injections. Some people with type 2 diabetes may also require insulin injections.
Inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase
These medications aid your body’s digestion of starchy foods and table sugar. This has the effect of lowering your blood sugar levels.
These medications should be taken before meals for the best results. These medications include:
acarbose (Precose)
miglitol (Glyset)
Biguanides
Biguanides reduce the amount of sugar produced by your liver. They reduce the amount of sugar absorbed by your intestines, make your body more sensitive to insulin, and aid in the absorption of glucose by your muscles.
Metformin is the most commonly used biguanide (Glucophage, Metformin Hydrochloride ER, Glumetza, Riomet, Fortamet).
Metformin can also be combined with other diabetes medications. It is found in the following medications:
metformin-alogliptin (Kazano)
metformin-canagliflozin (Invokamet) (Invokamet)
metformin-dapagliflozin (Xigduo XR)
metformin-empagliflozin (Synjardy)
metformin-glipizide
metformin-glyburide (Glucovance)
metformin-linagliptin (Jentadueto)
metformin-pioglitazone (Actoplus)
metformin-repaglinide (PrandiMet) (PrandiMet)
metformin-rosiglitazone (Avandamet)
metformin-saxagliptin (Kombiglyze XR)
metformin-sitagliptin (Janumet)
Agonist of dopamine
Dopamine agonist bromocriptine (Cycloset).
It is unknown how this drug works to treat type 2 diabetes. It may influence your body’s rhythms and help prevent insulin resistance.
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
DPP-4 inhibitors assist the body in continuing to produce insulin. They function by lowering blood sugar levels without causing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
These medications can also assist the pancreas in producing more insulin. These medications include:
alogliptin (Nesina)
alogliptin-metformin (Kazano)
alogliptin-pioglitazone (Oseni)
linagliptin (Tradjenta)
linagliptin-empagliflozin (Glyxambi)
linagliptin-metformin (Jentadueto)
saxagliptin (Onglyza)
saxagliptin-metformin (Kombiglyze XR)
sitagliptin (Januvia)
sitagliptin-metformin (Janumet and Janumet XR)
Simvastatin and sitagliptin (Juvisync)
Agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1 receptor agonists)
These medications are similar to the natural hormone incretin.
They boost B-cell growth and the amount of insulin your body uses. They reduce your appetite and the amount of glucagon your body produces. They also slow the emptying of the stomach.
All of these are critical actions for diabetics.
Some people’s diabetes may be overshadowed by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends certain GLP-1 receptor agonists as part of an antihyperglycemic treatment regimen in these cases.
These medications include:
albiglutide (Tanzeum)
dulaglutide (Trulicity)
exenatide (Byetta)
extended-release exenatide (Bydureon)
liraglutide (Victoza)
semaglutide (Ozempic)
Meglitinides
These medications assist your body in producing insulin. However, in some cases, they may cause your blood sugar to drop too low.
These medications are not for everyone. They are as follows:
nateglinide (Starlix) (Starlix)
repaglinide (Prandin)
repaglinide-metformin (Prandimet)
Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) 2
Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) 2 prevent the kidneys from storing glucose. Instead, the glucose is excreted by your body through your urine.
The ADA recommends SGLT2 inhibitors as a possible treatment option in cases of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease.
dapagliflozin (Farxiga)
dapagliflozin-metformin (Xigduo XR) (Xigduo XR)
canagliflozin (Invokana)
canagliflozin-metformin (Invokamet)
empagliflozin (Jardiance)
empagliflozin-linagliptin (Glyxambi)
empagliflozin-metformin (Synjardy)
ertugliflozin (Steglatro)
Sulfonylureas
These are some of the oldest diabetes medications still in use today. They work by stimulating the pancreas via beta cells. As a result, your body produces more insulin.
These medications include:
glimepiride (Amaryl)
glimepiride-pioglitazone (Duetact)
glimepiride-rosiglitazone (Avandaryl)
gliclazide
glipizide (Glucotrol)
glipizide-metformin (Metaglip)
glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase, Micronase)
glyburide-metformin (Glucovance)
chlorpropamide (Diabinese)
tolazamide (Tolinase)
tolbutamide (Orinase, Tol-Tab)
Thiazolidinediones
Thiazolidinediones work by lowering glucose levels in the liver. They also improve insulin utilization in fat cells.
These medications increase the risk of heart disease. If your doctor prescribes one of these medications, they will monitor your heart function during treatment.
Among the options are:
rosiglitazone (Avandia)
rosiglitazone-glimepiride (Avandaryl)
rosiglitazone-metformin (Amaryl M)
pioglitazone (Actos)
pioglitazone-alogliptin (Oseni)
pioglitazone-glimepiride (Duetact)
pioglitazone-metformin (Actoplus Met, Actoplus Met XR)